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Participants
The target population for this study was end users who develop their own applications using spreadsheets. In order to obtain a sample of end user developers with a wide range of backgrounds, participants were recruited for the study in a variety of ways. It was recognized that the time required for participation would make recruitment difficult, so participants were offered a one-hour training course entitled “Developing Spreadsheet Applications” as an incentive. This session focused on spreadsheet planning, design, and testing. They also were given $20 to compensate them for parking costs, gas, and inconvenience. Recruitment occurred first through a number of advertisements which were placed in local newspapers calling for volunteers, these werefollowed by e-mails to three large organizations that had expressed interest in the study, and finally, word of mouth brought forth some additional participants. The criteria for inclusion in the study was previous experience using Microsoft Excel. While essentially a convenience sample, the participants covered a broad spectrum of ages, spreadsheet experience, and training.
Taken from : Advanced Topics in End User Computing
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Increased user satisfaction has been shown to be associated with increased individual impact (Etezadi-Amoli & Farhoomand, 1996; Gatian, 1994; Gelderman, 1998; Igbaria & Tan, 1997). As end user developers are believed to be more satisfied with applications they have developed than are other users of these applications, it is to be expected that they will also perceive that these applications have a greater impact on their work. Therefore, it was hypothesized that:
H4: End user developers will have higher levels of perceived individual impact when using applications they have developed themselves than when using applications developed by another end user with a similar level of spreadsheet knowledge.
As previously discussed, the end user computing literature has claimed that end user development leads to more timely access to information, improved quality of information, and improved decision making (Brancheau & Brown, 1993; Shayo et al., 1999). While this may be partially due to end users having a better understanding of the problems to be solved by information systems (Amoroso, 1988), the actual process of developing an application also may lead to benefits resulting from a superior knowledge of the application. Hence, it was hypothesized that:
H5: End user developers will make more accurate decisions when using applications they have developed themselves than when using applications developed by another end user with a similar level of spreadsheet knowledge.
H6: End user developers will make faster decisions when using applications they have developed themselves than when using applications developed by another end user with a similar level of spreadsheet knowledge.
Taken from : Advanced Topics in End User Computing
Does the process of developing an application enhance the success of that application for the user developer?
In order to isolate the effect of actually developing an application on its success for the user, this study compares end user developers using applications they have developed themselves with end users using applications developed by another end user, on a number of key variables that have been considered in the information systems success literature. Spreadsheets are the most commonly used tool for end user development of applications (Taylor, Moynihan, & Wood- Harper, 1998). Therefore, in this study, a decision was made to focus on end users who develop and use spreadsheet applications.
In a study that investigated the ability of end users to assess the quality of applications they develop, McGill (2002) found significant differences between the system quality assessments of end user developers and independent expert assessors. In particular, the results suggested that end users with little experience might erroneously consider the applications they develop to be of high quality. If this is the case, then end user developers also may consider their applications to be of higher quality than do other users. Therefore, it was hypothesized that:
H1: End user developers will perceive applications they have developed themselves to be of higher system quality than applications developed by another end user with a similar level of spreadsheet knowledge.
Doll and Torkzadeh (1989) found that end user developers had much higher levels of involvement with applications than did users who were involved in the development process, but where the application was primarily developed by a systems analyst or by another end user. Therefore, it was hypothesized that:
H2: End user developers will have higher levels of involvement with applications they have developed themselves than with applications developed by another end user with a similar level of spreadsheet knowledge.
End user developers have been found to be more satisfied with applications they have developed themselves than with applications developed by another end user (McGill et al., 1998) or with applications developed by a systems analyst (despite involvement in the systems development process) (Doll & Torkzadeh, 1989). Therefore, it was hypothesized that:
H3: End user developers will have higher levels of user satisfaction when using applications they have developed themselves than when using applications developed by another end user with a similar level of spreadsheet knowledge.
Taken from : Advanced Topics in End User Computing
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Other proposed measures of information systems success that might be appropriate for UDAs include system quality, information quality, involvement, use, individual impact, and organizational impact (DeLone & McLean, 1992; Seddon, 1997). System quality refers to the quality of an information system, as opposed to the quality of the information it produces. It is concerned with issues such as reliability, maintainability, ease of use, and so forth. As this study relates to the success of a UDA for the eventual user, the user’s perception of system quality is considered important. Information quality relates to the characteristics of the information that an information system produces. It includes issues such as timeliness, accuracy, relevance, and format. As discussed above, improved information quality has been proposed as one of the major benefits of user development of applications.
Other proposed measures of information systems success that might be appropriate for UDAs include system quality, information quality, involvement, use, individual impact, and organizational impact (DeLone & McLean, 1992; Seddon, 1997). System quality refers to the quality of an information system, as opposed to the quality of the information it produces. It is concerned with issues such as reliability, maintainability, ease of use, and so forth. As this study relates to the success of a UDA for the eventual user, the user’s perception of system quality is considered important. Information quality relates to the characteristics of the information that an information system produces. It includes issues such as timeliness, accuracy, relevance, and format. As discussed above, improved information quality has been proposed as one of the major benefits of user development of applications.
Individual impact refers to the effect of an information system on the behavior or performance of the user. DeLone and McLean (1992) claimed that individual impact is the most difficult information systems success category to define in unambiguous terms. For example, the individual impact of an UDA could be related to a number of measures such as impact on performance, understanding, decision making, or motivation. Organizational impact refers to the effect of an information system on organizational performance. According to DeLone and McLean’s model, the impact of an information system on individual performance should have some eventual organizational impact. However, the relationship between individual impact and organizational impact is acknowledged to be complex. Organizational impact is a broad concept, and there has been a lack of consensus about what organizational effectiveness is and how it should be measured (Thong & Chee-Sing, 1996). DeLone and McLean (1992) recognized that difficulties are involved in “isolating the effect of the I/S effort from the other effects which influence organizational performance” (p. 74). Again, this issue likely is to be magnified in the UDA domain, where system use may be very local in scope.
The fact that vital organizational decision making relies on the individual end user’s perception of fitness for use suggests that more insight is needed into the role of application development in the success of applications and that, as well as user satisfaction, additional measures of success should be considered. This chapter reports on a study designed to address this need by considering a range of both perceptual and direct measures of UDA success in the same study and by isolating the role that actually developing an application plays in the eventual success of the application.
Taken from : Advanced Topics in End User Computing
As end user development forms a large proportion of organizational systems development, its success is of great importance to organizations. The decisions made by end users using UDAs influence organizational performance every day. Organizations carry out very little formal assessment of fitness for use of UDAs (Panko & Halverson, 1996); therefore, they have to rely very heavily on the judgment of end users, both those who develop the applications and others that may use them, as end user developers are not the only users of UDAs. Bergeron and Berube (1988) found that 44% of the end user developers in their study had developed applications that were used by more than two people, and Hall (1996) found that only 17% of the spreadsheets contributed by participants in her study were solely for the developer’s own use. Therefore, it is essential that more be known about UDA success, including whether end users are disadvantaged when they use applications developed by other end users. This chapter explores the contribution of the development process to UDA success and, hence, highlights differences between the success of UDAs when used by the developer and when used by other end users.
The literature on user participation and involvement proposes benefits that are thought to accrue from greater inclusion of users in the system development process. The benefits that have been proposed include higher levels of information system usage, greater user acceptance of systems, and increased user satisfaction (Lin & Shao, 2000). The end user’s superior knowledge of the problem to be solved is certainly one factor influencing these benefits, but the process of participating, per se, also is thought to have benefits. Those who have participated in systems development have a greater understanding of the functionality of the resulting application (Lin & Shao, 2000); a greater sense of involvement with it (Barki & Hartwick, 1994); and, hence, a greater commitment to making it successful. User development of applications has been described as the ultimate user involvement (Cheney, Mann, & Amoroso, 1986). Thus, it could be expected to lead to systems that gain the benefit of a better understanding of the problem and to end users with a better understanding of the application and greater commitment to making it work.
This study was designed to isolate the effect of actually developing a UDA on the application’s eventual success for the user developer, and to measure that success in terms of a range of possible success measures. There has been little empirical research on user development of applications (Shayo et al., 1999), and most of what has been undertaken has used user satisfaction as the measure of success because of the lack of direct measures available (Etezadi-Amoli & Farhoomand, 1996). User satisfaction refers to the attitude or response of an end user toward an information system. While user satisfaction has been the most widely reported measure of success (Gelderman, 1998), there have been concerns about its use as the major measure of information systems success (Etezadi-Amoli & Farhoomand, 1996; Galletta & Lederer, 1989; Melone, 1990; Thong & Chee-Sing, 1996).
The appropriateness of user satisfaction as a measure of system effectiveness may be even more questionable in the UDA domain. Users who assess their own computer applications may be less able to be objective than users who assess applications developed by others (McGill, Hobbs, Chan, & Khoo, 1998). The actual development of an application, which may involve a significant investment of time and creative energy, may be satisfying other needs beyond the immediate task. User satisfaction with a UDA, therefore, could reflect satisfaction with the (highly personal) development process as much as with the application itself.
Taken from : Advanced Topics in End User Computing
An end user developer is someone who develops applications systems to support his or her work and possibly the work of other end users. The applications developed are known as user developed applications (UDAs). So, while the technical abilities of user developers may vary considerably, they are required basically to analyze, design, and implement applications. End user development of applications forms a significant part of organizational systems development with the ability to develop small applications forming part of the job requirements for many positions (Jawahar & Elango, 2001). In a survey to determine the types of applications developed by end users, Rittenberg and Senn (1990) identified more than 130 different types of applications. More than half of these were accounting related, but marketing, operations, and human resources applications also were represented heavily. The range of tasks for which users develop applications has expanded as the sophistication of both software development tools and user developers has increased, which has led to a degree of convergence with corporate computing so that the tasks for which UDAs are developed are less distinguishable from tasks for corporate computing applications (McLean, Kappelman, & Thompson, 1993). In addition to the traditional tasks that UDAs have been developed to support, Web applications are becoming increasingly common (Nelson & Todd, 1999; Ouellette, 1999).
Much has been written in the end user computing literature about the potential benefits and risks of end user development. It has been suggested that end user development offers organizations better and more timely access to information, improved quality of information, improved decision making, reduced application development backlogs, and improved information systems department/ user relationships (Brancheau & Brown, 1993; Shayo, Guthrie, & Igbaria, 1999). In the early UDA literature, the proposed benefits of UDA were seen to flow mainly from a belief that the user has a superior understanding of the problem to be solved by the application (Amoroso, 1988). This superior understanding then should enable end users to identify information requirements more easily and to thus create applications that provide information of better quality. This, in turn, should lead to better decision making. Other proposed benefits also should flow from this; that is, user development of applications should allow the information systems staff to focus more on the remaining and presumably larger requests and hence reduce the application development backlog. This, in turn, should improve relationships between information systems staff and end users.
Despite the potential benefits to an organization of user development of applications, there are many risks associated with it that may lead potentially to dysfunctional consequences for the organization’s activities. These risks result from a potential decrease in application quality and control as individuals with little information systems training take responsibility for developing and implementing systems of their own making (Cale, 1994) and include ineffective use of monetary resources, threats to data security and integrity, solving the wrong problem (Alavi & Weiss, 1985-1986), unreliable systems, incompatible systems, and use of private systems when organizational systems would be more appropriate (Brancheau & Brown, 1993).
Taken from : Advanced Topics in End User Computing